Programming Tutorials

Practical programming tutorials with clear examples and best practices for Python, C++, JavaScript and more. Learn design, testing and performance.

Mainframe Modernisation: Rewrite, Refactor or Replatform

Mainframe modernisation is rarely a single decision. It is a choice between several distinct strategies, each with a very different cost, timeline, and risk profile, and the right answer depends on your business goals rather than on technology preference. Choosing “rewrite everything” when a replatform would do, or...

COBOL Migration Cost, Timeline and Risk - A UK Guide 2026

“How much will it cost to move off COBOL?” is the first question every board asks, and the honest answer is that it depends on more than the size of the codebase. This guide breaks down what actually drives the cost of a COBOL migration in the UK, realistic budget and timeline ranges, and the risks that turn a...

COBOL to Rust Migration - A UK Enterprise Guide 2026

Rust is an increasingly popular COBOL migration target for organisations that want both memory safety and high performance without a garbage collector. For safety-critical and performance-sensitive systems, its guarantees are compelling: whole classes of memory bugs are caught at compile time, and the resulting...

COBOL to Go Migration - A UK Enterprise Guide 2026

Go is a pragmatic COBOL migration target when simplicity, fast builds, and easy deployment matter more than a large enterprise framework ecosystem. It compiles to a single static binary with no runtime dependencies, it runs anywhere, and its built-in concurrency model is a natural fit for modernising COBOL batch...

COBOL to Java Migration - A UK Enterprise Guide 2026

Java is the most common destination for enterprise COBOL migration, and it is easy to see why. It is mature, strongly typed, backed by an enormous library ecosystem, and supported by one of the deepest developer hiring pools in the UK. For organisations running critical COBOL on IBM mainframes, Java offers a route to a...

COBOL to C# Migration - A UK Enterprise Guide 2026

COBOL still underpins a vast amount of the software running in UK banks, insurers, public sector bodies, and large retailers. Much of it processes money, and much of it has been running since long before the developers maintaining it today joined the organisation. As COBOL expertise retires out of the workforce, the...

REST API vs GraphQL in 2026 - How to Choose the Right One

Search interest in “REST vs GraphQL” has remained consistently high throughout the 2020s, with the debate gaining renewed urgency as more teams build frontend-heavy products with complex data requirements. GraphQL has been in production since Facebook open-sourced it in 2015 and is now mature, well-tooled, and...

What is Technical Debt - A Guide for UK Engineering Teams

Searches for “technical debt” have grown by over 35% in the past two years, driven in large part by UK engineering teams inheriting legacy systems built under deadline pressure and now struggling to maintain or extend them. The term gets used loosely in Jira backlogs and sprint retrospectives, but most developers have...